Coma is a prolonged period of unconsciousness. Unconsciousness is the lack of appreciation of (or reaction to) a stimulus. Coma differs from sleep in that one cannot be aroused from a coma.
Coma involves two different concepts:
1.) Reactivity: Reactivity refers to the innate (or inborn) functions of the brain, i.e., the telereceptors (eyes and ears), the nociceptors (responses to pain), the arousal reaction (wakefulness) and the orienting response (turning one's head toward the source of sound or movement). We could also refer to these as reflexive movements.
2.) Perceptivity: Perceptivity refers to the responses of the nervous system to stimuli, which have been learned or acquired, i.e., language, communication skills, individual methods of movement such as gestures, etc. Perceptivity also refers to less complex learned or acquired reactions such as flinching when threatened. We can also think of these as conscious movements.
A person in a coma does not exhibit reactivity or perceptivity. He/she can not be aroused by calling his/her name or in response to pain.
As a person begins to emerge from a coma, they may begin to react to certain stimuli. To regain "consciousness" however, reactivity and perceptivity must both be present. These two elements are necessary for a state of awareness. Often, many of the elements of perceptivity must be relearned, such as speech, self-care, etc.
Many people are surprised that all stages of coma do not resemble what we have been taught to expect; a deep sleep. The person in the coma may exhibit movement, make sounds, and experience agitation. It is important to keep in mind that the coma patient may exhibit reflex activities which mimic conscious activities. Coma patients may be restrained to keep them from removing tubes or dislodging IVs. The progress of coma is measured by the patient's increasing awareness of external stimuli. There are many levels of coma which the patient will pass through as functionality increases.
Sometimes a coma is induced by chemical means to aid in medical treatment and recovery
It is very important to remember to speak positively to and in the presence of the person in a coma. Some patients claim to remember very distinctly events while they were in a coma. And although we cannot be positive about the level of awareness in any particular case, studies show that a positive attitude may be beneficial to the recovery of the patient. Conversations about the possible negative outcomes with doctors, nurses, and family should be conducted with discretion.
It is also important to keep in mind that different injuries produce different outcomes. While we can expect that a patient may slowly emerge over time, some patients can suffer from "locked in" syndrome in which they are awake but unable to react or act upon their environment, or recover to a point where they have limited capacities, or have a limited recovery which will require long term care.
beau hum coma ki baat ker rahy hain jany ya any ki nahii and Queen thx but tell me kay kia pak main jo log mazoor hotay hain mindly toor per kia un ka eelaz haii and back born ka jo ajj kal masla haii us ka kia haal hai,
and also jym kay koyiii nuksanat hain ya nahii?
and thx alot again for this info
New research published in the Medical Journal "Lancet", shows that eating chocolate could prevent cancer and heart disease and contrary to popular belief also fights tooth decay.
Research conducted by scientist from Holland's National Institute of Public Health and Environment shows that chocolates contain antioxidants called Catechins and Phenols. These antioxidants could prevent heart diseases and cancer.
Until now tea was thought to contain the largest amount of these antioxidants but this new research indicates that dark chocolate has four times as much as compared to tea. The researchers found that dark chocolate had 53.5 mg of catechins per 100 gm, milk chocolate contains 15.9 mg per 100 gm, and the black tea contains 13.9 mg per 100 ml.
Chocolate like the red wine - which is said to protect against heart disease, also contains phenols. These reduce the presence of free radicals that damage cells and DNA. Phenols are said to prevent fat like substances in the blood stream from oxidizing and clogging the arteries.
Atherosclerosis, or the formation of plaque in the arteries, is caused by oxidation of LDL (low density lipoproteins ) that 's one of the cholesterol particles. At first this leads to subtle damage, and then eventually to the formation of advanced plaque. The buildup of plaque can lead to clogging of the arteries, a major cause of heart attack.
By acting as a deoxidizing agent , the phenols prevent clogging of arteries, thus averting heart attacks. The researchers also believe that the cacao plant, from which chocolate and cocoa is derived, boosts the immune system and also restricts the formation of the type of cholesterol which damages heart.
Researchers believe that most of the bad effects of eating chocolate are either overstated or entirely false. For example, chocolate also has not been proven to cause cavities or tooth decay. Rather, it helps thwart mouth bacteria and stop dental decay.
Tooth cavities start when streptococcus mutans bacteria produce a sticky molecule called glucan. This helps the bacteria anchor themselves to teeth and form plaque. These and other bacteria in plaque convert sugar to acids, which eat away the tooth's surface and lead to cavities.
Research shows that the cocoa butter in the chocolate coats the teeth and may help protect them by preventing plaque from forming. The sugar in the chocolate does contribute to cavities, but no more than the sugar in any other food. Scientists believe that antibacterial agents in cocoa beans offset its high sugar levels. Cocoa bean husk, the outer part of the bean, which usually goes waste in chocolate production in a potent source of these agents. Research has also shown that parts of cocoa bean, the main ingredient of chocolate, thwart mouth bacteria and stop dental decay.
Also, eating chocolate neither causes nor aggravate acne, as is the general belief. In fact recent research has shown that eating chocolate or not eating it does not produce any significant changes in the acne conditions in human beings.
However, as in the case of any other food, eating too much of chocolate may cause health problems. The cocoa butter in chocolate does contain saturated fat, which can increase blood cholesterol levels, and high cholesterol may contribute to heart disease.
Chocolate is high in calories and eating too much therefore make you fat, increasing your risk of heart disease. Over eating of chocolate can also lead to obesity.
Migraine is an episodic unilateral headache accompanied by visual disturbances and vomiting. The episodic nature of the headache is most characteristic. initially during aura, there is a decrease in cerebral blood flow, particularly in the occipital and parietal lobes. Later, during the phase of headache there is a dilatation of the extracranial arteries related to the variations in 5-HT blood levels.
Types of migraine
1. Classical migraine. The headache is preceded by visual or sensory aura.
2. Common migraine. This is without aura. Headache, nausea, vomiting and photophobia are the classical symptoms.
3. Hemiplegic migraine. In this type, hemiplegia lasting for a few days follows the headache.
4. Basilar migraine. Vertigo, diplopia, dysarthria with or without visual symptoms precede occipital headache.
5. Cluster headache. Bouts of severe pain around one eye with associated epiphora and nasal congestion is the hallmark and this type mostly affects males.
Precipitating Factors
Although investigation have not conclusively proved that any factor causes migraine headache some patients do recognize certian factors that precipetate an attach. Certain dietary factors like Tyramine, monosodium glutamate, excessive alcohol, excessive analgesics, ergotamine, oral contraceptives act as triger to cause migraine.
Stress, menses, heat, noise, caffeine etc. can also cause migraine.
Diagnosis
Careful history is important.
Diagnostic criteria
Migraine without Aura
Attacks lasing for 4 to 72 hours
At least 2 of the following:
°Unilateral Pain
°Pulsating Pain
°Moderate to severe Pain
°Pain aggrevated by movement
Plus at least One of the following
°Nausea
°Photophobia / Phonophobia
Migraine with Aura
Patient should have at least 2 attachs per month and at least 3 of the following.
° 1 or more reversible aura symptoms
representing cortical or brainstem dysfunction.
° 1 aura symptom developing gradually over 4 minutes
or 2 successive aura symptoms.
° Symptoms lasting for < 60 minutes.
° Headache following aura in < 60 minutes.
Prevention of Migraine
Preventive measures are to be considered when migraine attaks occur more than two or three times a month and disturb normal activity. Preventive medication is continued for 6 months and gradually withdrawn.
piyas kitni lagti hai
Not much general health kaisi hai
Normal hai koi aur problem like Bp aur heart trouble
all normal frequency of urine kya hai din aur raat donon main
3 - 4 time day time, 1 - 2 time during night, frequency is much more during winter
