~tasha~
Age: 125
6796 days old here
Total Posts: 47628
Points: 0
Location:
United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Managing Traumatic Stress...
The September 11th terrorist attacks were the type of events we thought could
never happen. Like other types of disasters they were unexpected, sudden and
overwhelming. In some cases, there are no outwardly visible signs of physical
injury, but there is nonetheless a serious emotional toll. It is common for
people who have experienced traumatic situations to have very strong emotional
reactions. Understanding normal responses to these abnormal events can aid you
in coping effectively with your feelings, thoughts, and behaviors, and help you
along the path to recovery.
What happens to people after a disaster or other traumatic event?
Shock and denial are typical responses to terrorism, disasters and other kinds
of trauma, especially shortly after the event. Both shock and denial are normal
protective reactions.
Shock is a sudden and often intense disturbance of your emotional state that may
leave you feeling stunned or dazed. Denial involves your not acknowledging that
something very stressful has happened, or not experiencing fully the intensity
of the event. You may temporarily feel numb or disconnected from life.
As the initial shock subsides, reactions vary from one person to another. The
following, however, are normal responses to a traumatic event:
- Feelings become intense and sometimes are unpredictable. You may become more
irritable than usual, and your mood may change back and forth dramatically. You
might be especially anxious or nervous, or even become depressed.
- Thoughts and behavior patterns are affected by the trauma. You might have
repeated and vivid memories of the event. These flashbacks may occur for no
apparent reason and may lead to physical reactions such as rapid heart beat or
sweating. You may find it difficult to concentrate or make decisions, or become
more easily confused. Sleep and eating patterns also may be disrupted.
- Recurring emotional reactions are common. Anniversaries of the event, such as
at one month or one year, as well as reminders such as aftershocks from
earthquakes or the sounds of sirens, can trigger upsetting memories of the
traumatic experience. These 'triggers' may be accompanied by fears that the
stressful event will be repeated.
- Interpersonal relationships often become strained. Greater conflict, such as
more frequent arguments with family members and coworkers, is common. On the
other hand, you might become withdrawn and isolated and avoid your usual
activities.
- Physical symptoms may accompany the extreme stress. For example, headaches,
nausea and chest pain may result and may require medical attention. Pre-existing
medical conditions may worsen due to the stress.
How do people respond differently over time?
It is important for you to realize that there is not one 'standard' pattern of
reaction to the extreme stress of traumatic experiences. Some people respond
immediately, while others have delayed reactions - sometimes months or even
years later. Some have adverse effects for a long period of time, while others
recover rather quickly.
And reactions can change over time. Some who have suffered from trauma are
energized initially by the event to help them with the challenge of coping, only
to later become discouraged or depressed.
A number of factors tend to affect the length of time required for recovery,
including:
- The degree of intensity and loss. Events that last longer and pose a greater
threat, and where loss of life or substantial loss of property is involved,
often take longer to resolve.
- A person's general ability to cope with emotionally challenging situations.
Individuals who have handled other difficult, stressful circumstances well may
find it easier to cope with the trauma.
- Other stressful events preceding the traumatic experience. Individuals faced
with other emotionally challenging situations, such as serious health problems
or family-related difficulties, may have more intense reactions to the new
stressful event and need more time to recover.
How should I help myself and my family?
There are a number of steps you can take to help restore emotional well being
and a sense of control following a terrorist act, a disaster or other traumatic
experience, including the following:
- Give yourself time to heal. Anticipate that this will be a difficult time in
your life. Allow yourself to mourn the losses you have experienced. Try to be
patient with changes in your emotional state.
- Ask for support from people who care about you and who will listen and
empathize with your situation. But keep in mind that your typical support system
may be weakened if those who are close to you also have experienced or witnessed
the trauma.
- Communicate your experience in whatever ways feel comfortable to you - such as
by talking with family or close friends, or keeping a diary.
- Find out about local support groups that often are available such as for those
who have suffered from natural disasters, or for women who are victims of rape.
These can be especially helpful for people with limited personal support
systems.
- Try to find groups led by appropriately trained and experienced professionals.
Group discussion can help people realize that other individuals in the same
circumstances often have similar reactions and emotions.
- Engage in healthy behaviors to enhance your ability to cope with excessive
stress. Eat well-balanced meals and get plenty of rest. If you experience
ongoing difficulties with sleep, you may be able to find some relief through
relaxation techniques. Avoid alcohol and drugs.
- Establish or reestablish routines such as eating meals at regular times and
following an exercise program. Take some time off from the demands of daily life
by pursuing hobbies or other enjoyable activities.
- Avoid major life decisions such as switching careers or jobs if possible
because these activities tend to be highly stressful.
How do I take care of children's special needs?
The intense anxiety and fear that often follow a disaster or other traumatic
event can be especially troubling for children. Some may regress and demonstrate
younger behaviors such as thumb sucking or bed wetting. Children may be more
prone to nightmares and fear of sleeping alone. Performance in school may
suffer. Other changes in behavior patterns may include throwing tantrums more
frequently, or withdrawing and becoming more solitary.
There are several things parents and others who care for children can do to help
alleviate the emotional consequences of trauma, including the following:
- Spend more time with children and let them be more dependent on you during the
months following the trauma - for example, allowing your child to cling to you
more often than usual. Physical affection is very comforting to children who
have experienced trauma.
- Provide play experiences to help relieve tension. Younger children in
particular may find it easier to share their ideas and feelings about the event
through non-verbal activities such as drawing.
- Encourage older children to speak with you, and with one another, about their
thoughts and feelings. This helps reduce their confusion and anxiety related to
the trauma. Respond to questions in terms they can comprehend. Reassure them
repeatedly that you care about them and that you understand their fears and
concerns.
- Keep regular schedules for activities such as eating, playing and going to bed
to help restore a sense of security and normalcy.
When should I seek professional help?
Some people are able to cope effectively with the emotional and physical demands
brought about by a natural disaster or other traumatic experience by using their
own support systems. It is not unusual, however, to find that serious problems
persist and continue to interfere with daily living. For example, some may feel
overwhelming nervousness or lingering sadness that adversely affects job
performance and interpersonal relationships.
Individuals with prolonged reactions that disrupt their daily functioning should
consult with a trained and experienced mental health professional. Psychologists
and other appropriate mental health providers help educate people about normal
responses to extreme stress. These professionals work with individuals affected
by trauma to help them find constructive ways of dealing with the emotional
impact.
With children, continual and aggressive emotional outbursts, serious problems at
school, preoccupation with the traumatic event, continued and extreme
withdrawal, and other signs of intense anxiety or emotional difficulties all
point to the need for professional assistance. A qualified mental health
professional can help such children and their parents understand and deal with
thoughts, feelings and behaviors that result from trauma.
~tasha~
Age: 125
6796 days old here
Total Posts: 47628
Points: 0
Location:
United Kingdom, United Kingdom
Controlling Anger -- Before It Controls You
-----------------------------------------------
We all know what anger is, and we've all felt it: whether as a fleeting
annoyance or as full-fledged rage.
Anger is a completely normal, usually healthy, human emotion. But when it gets
out of control and turns destructive, it can lead to problems-problems at work,
in your personal relationships, and in the overall quality of your life. And it
can make you feel as though you're at the mercy of an unpredictable and powerful
emotion. This brochure is meant to help you understand and control anger.
What is Anger?
The Nature of Anger
Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to
intense fury and rage," according to Charles Spielberger, PhD, a psychologist
who specializes in the study of anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by
physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and
blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and
noradrenaline.
Anger can be caused by both external and internal events. You could be angry at
a specific person (Such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a traffic jam, a
canceled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about
your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also
trigger angry feelings.
Expressing Anger
The instinctive, natural way to express anger is to respond aggressively. Anger
is a natural, adaptive response to threats; it inspires powerful, often
aggressive, feelings and behaviors, which allow us to fight and to defend
ourselves when we are attacked. A certain amount of anger, therefore, is
necessary to our survival.
On the other hand, we can't physically lash out at every person or object that
irritates or annoys us; laws, social norms, and common sense place limits on how
far our anger can take us.
People use a variety of both conscious and unconscious processes to deal with
their angry feelings. The three main approaches are expressing, suppressing, and
calming. Expressing your angry feelings in an assertive-not aggressive-manner is
the healthiest way to express anger. To do this, you have to learn how to make
clear what your needs are, and how to get them met, without hurting others.
Being assertive doesn't mean being pushy or demanding; it means being respectful
of yourself and others.
Anger can be suppressed, and then converted or redirected. This happens when you
hold in your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The
aim is to inhibit or suppress your anger and convert it into more constructive
behavior. The danger in this type of response is that if it isn't allowed
outward expression, your anger can turn inward-on yourself. Anger turned inward
may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression.
Unexpressed anger can create other problems. It can lead to pathological
expressions of anger, such as passive-aggressive behavior (getting back at
people indirectly, without telling them why, rather than confronting them
head-on) or a personality that seems perpetually cynical and hostile. People who
are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and making cynical
comments haven't learned how to constructively express their anger. Not
surprisingly, they aren't likely to have many successful relationships.
Finally, you can calm down inside. This means not just controlling your outward
behavior, but also controlling your internal responses, taking steps to lower
your heart rate, calm yourself down, and let the feelings subside.
As Dr. Spielberger notes, "when none of these three techniques work, that's when
someone-or something-is going to get hurt."
Anger Management
The goal of anger management is to reduce both your emotional feelings and the
physiological arousal that anger causes. You can't get rid of, or avoid, the
things or the people that enrage you, nor can you change them, but you can learn
to control your reactions.
Are You Too Angry?
There are psychological tests that measure the intensity of angry feelings, how
prone to anger you are, and how well you handle it. But chances are good that if
you do have a problem with anger, you already know it. If you find yourself
acting in ways that seem out of control and frightening, you might need help
finding better ways to deal with this emotion.
Why Are Some People More Angry Than Others?
According to Jerry Deffenbacher, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in anger
management, some people really are more "hotheaded" than others are; they get
angry more easily and more intensely than the average person does. There are
also those who don't show their anger in loud spectacular ways but are
chronically irritable and grumpy. Easily angered people don't always curse and
throw things; sometimes they withdraw socially, sulk, or get physically ill.
People who are easily angered generally have what some psychologists call a low
tolerance for frustration, meaning simply that they feel that they should not
have to be subjected to frustration, inconvenience, or annoyance. They can't
take things in stride, and they're particularly infuriated if the situation
seems somehow unjust: for example, being corrected for a minor mistake.
What makes these people this way? A number of things. One cause may be genetic
or physiological: There is evidence that some children are born irritable,
touchy, and easily angered, and that these signs are present from a very early
age. Another may be sociocultural. Anger is often regarded as negative; we're
taught that it's all right to express anxiety, depression, or other emotions but
not to express anger. As a result, we don't learn how to handle it or channel it
constructively.
Research has also found that family background plays a role. Typically, people
who are easily angered come from families that are disruptive, chaotic, and not
skilled at emotional communications.
Is It Good To "Let it All Hang Out?"
Psychologists now say that this is a dangerous myth. Some people use this theory
as a license to hurt others. Research has found that "letting it rip" with anger
actually escalates anger and aggression and does nothing to help you (or the
person you're angry with) resolve the situation.
It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop
strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.
Strategies To Keep Anger At Bay
Relaxation
Simple relaxation tools, such as deep breathing and relaxing imagery, can help
calm down angry feelings. There are books and courses that can teach you
relaxation techniques, and once you learn the techniques, you can call upon them
in any situation. If you are involved in a relationship where both partners are
hot-tempered, it might be a good idea for both of you to learn these techniques.
Some simple steps you can try: Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm; breathing
from your chest won't relax you. Picture your breath coming up from your "gut."
Slowly repeat a calm word or phrase such as "relax," "take it easy." Repeat it
to yourself while breathing deeply.
Use imagery; visualize a relaxing experience, from either your memory or your
imagination.
Nonstrenuous, slow yoga-like exercises can relax your muscles and make you feel
much calmer.
Practice these techniques daily. Learn to use them automatically when you're in
a tense situation.
Cognitive Restructuring
Simply put, this means changing the way you think. Angry people tend to curse,
swear, or speak in highly colorful terms that reflect their inner thoughts. When
you're angry, your thinking can get very exaggerated and overly dramatic. Try
replacing these thoughts with more rational ones. For instance, instead of
telling yourself, "oh, it's awful, it's terrible, everything's ruined," tell
yourself, "it's frustrating, and it's understandable that I'm upset about it,
but it's not the end of the world and getting angry is not going to fix it
anyhow."
Be careful of words like "never" or "always" when talking about yourself or
someone else. "This !&*%@ machine never works," or "you're always forgetting
things" are not just inaccurate, they also serve to make you feel that your
anger is justified and that there's no way to solve the problem. They also
alienate and humiliate people who might otherwise be willing to work with you on
a solution.
Remind yourself that getting angry is not going to fix anything, that it won't
make you feel better (and may actually make you feel worse).
Logic defeats anger, because anger, even when it's justified, can quickly become
irrational. So use cold hard logic on yourself. Remind yourself that the world
is "not out to get you," you're just experiencing some of the rough spots of
daily life. Do this each time you feel anger getting the best of you, and it'll
help you get a more balanced perspective. Angry people tend to demand things:
fairness, appreciation, agreement, willingness to do things their way. Everyone
wants these things, and we are all hurt and disappointed when we don't get them,
but angry people demand them, and when their demands aren't met, their
disappointment becomes anger. As part of their cognitive restructuring, angry
people need to become aware of their demanding nature and translate their
expectations into desires. In other words, saying, "I would like" something is
healthier than saying, "I demand" or "I must have" something. When you're unable
to get what you want, you will experience the normal reactions-frustration,
disappointment, hurt-but not anger. Some angry people use this anger as a way to
avoid feeling hurt, but that doesn't mean the hurt goes away.
Problem Solving
Sometimes, our anger and frustration are caused by very real and inescapable
problems in our lives. Not all anger is misplaced, and often it's a healthy,
natural response to these difficulties. There is also a cultural belief that
every problem has a solution, and it adds to our frustration to find out that
this isn't always the case. The best attitude to bring to such a situation,
then, is not to focus on finding the solution, but rather on how you handle and
face the problem.
Make a plan, and check your progress along the way. Resolve to give it your
best, but also not to punish yourself if an answer doesn't come right away. If
you can approach it with your best intentions and efforts and make a serious
attempt to face it head-on, you will be less likely to lose patience and fall
into all-or-nothing thinking, even if the problem does not get solved right
away.
Better Communication
Angry people tend to jump to-and act on-conclusions, and some of those
conclusions can be very inaccurate. The first thing to do if you're in a heated
discussion is slow down and think through your responses. Don't say the first
thing that comes into your head, but slow down and think carefully about what
you want to say. At the same time, listen carefully to what the other person is
saying and take your time before answering.
Listen, too, to what is underlying the anger. For instance, you like a certain
amount of freedom and personal space, and your "significant other" wants more
connection and closeness. If he or she starts complaining about your activities,
don't retaliate by painting your partner as a jailer, a warden, or an albatross
around your neck.
It's natural to get defensive when you're criticized, but don't fight back.
Instead, listen to what's underlying the words: the message that this person
might feel neglected and unloved. It may take a lot of patient questioning on
your part, and it may require some breathing space, but don't let your anger-or
a partner's-let a discussion spin out of control. Keeping your cool can keep the
situation from becoming a disastrous one.
Using Humor
"Silly humor" can help defuse rage in a number of ways. For one thing, it can
help you get a more balanced perspective. When you get angry and call someone a
name or refer to them in some imaginative phrase, stop and picture what that
word would literally look like. If you're at work and you think of a coworker as
a "dirtbag" or a "single-cell life form," for example, picture a large bag full
of dirt (or an amoeba) sitting at your colleague's desk, talking on the phone,
going to meetings. Do this whenever a name comes into your head about another
person. If you can, draw a picture of what the actual thing might look like.
This will take a lot of the edge off your fury; and humor can always be relied
on to help unknot a tense situation.
The underlying message of highly angry people, Dr. Deffenbacher says, is "things
oughta go my way!" Angry people tend to feel that they are morally right, that
any blocking or changing of their plans is an unbearable indignity and that they
should NOT have to suffer this way. Maybe other people do, but not them!
When you feel that urge, he suggests, picture yourself as a god or goddess, a
supreme ruler, who owns the streets and stores and office space, striding alone
and having your way in all situations while others defer to you. The more detail
you can get into your imaginary scenes, the more chances you have to realize
that maybe you are being unreasonable; you'll also realize how unimportant the
things you're angry about really are. There are two cautions in using humor.
First, don't try to just "laugh off" your problems; rather, use humor to help
yourself face them more constructively. Second, don't give in to harsh,
sarcastic humor; that's just another form of unhealthy anger expression.
What these techniques have in common is a refusal to take yourself too
seriously. Anger is a serious emotion, but it's often accompanied by ideas that,
if examined, can make you laugh.
Changing Your Environment
Sometimes it's our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and
fury. Problems and responsibilities can weigh on you and make you feel angry at
the "trap" you seem to have fallen into and all the people and things that form
that trap.
Give yourself a break. Make sure you have some "personal time" scheduled for
times of the day that you know are particularly stressful. One example is the
working mother who has a standing rule that when she comes home from work, for
the first 15 minutes "nobody talks to Mom unless the house is on fire." After
this brief quiet time, she feels better prepared to handle demands from her kids
without blowing up at them.
Some Other Tips for Easing Up on Yourself
Timing: If you and your spouse tend to fight when you discuss things at
night-perhaps you're tired, or distracted, or maybe it's just habit-try changing
the times when you talk about important matters so these talks don't turn into
arguments.
Avoidance: If your child's chaotic room makes you furious every time you walk by
it, shut the door. Don't make yourself look at what infuriates you. Don't say,
"well, my child should clean up the room so I won't have to be angry!" That's
not the point. The point is to keep yourself calm.
Finding alternatives: If your daily commute through traffic leaves you in a
state of rage and frustration, give yourself a project-learn or map out a
different route, one that's less congested or more scenic. Or find another
alternative, such as a bus or commuter train.
Do You Need Counseling?
If you feel that your anger is really out of control, if it is having an impact
on your relationships and on important parts of your life, you might consider
counseling to learn how to handle it better. A psychologist or other licensed
mental health professional can work with you in developing a range of techniques
for changing your thinking and your behavior.
When you talk to a prospective therapist, tell her or him that you have problems
with anger that you want to work on, and ask about his or her approach to anger
management. Make sure this isn't only a course of action designed to "put you in
touch with your feelings and express them"-that may be precisely what your
problem is. With counseling, psychologists say, a highly angry person can move
closer to a middle range of anger in about 8 to
10 weeks, depending on the circumstances and the techniques used.
What About Assertiveness Training?
It's true that angry people need to learn to become assertive (rather than
aggressive), but most books and courses on developing assertiveness are aimed at
people who don't feel enough anger. These people are more passive and
acquiescent than the average person; they tend to let others walk all over them.
That isn't something that most angry people do. Still, these books can contain
some useful tactics to use in frustrating situations.
Remember, you can't eliminate anger-and it wouldn't be a good idea if you could.
In spite of all your efforts, things will happen that will cause you anger; and
sometimes it will be justifiable anger. Life will be filled with frustration,
pain, loss, and the unpredictable actions of others. You can't change that; but
you can change the way you let such events affect you. Controlling your angry
responses can keep them from making you even more unhappy in the long run.
